The ear of the mammals living on the ground performs the function of a biological intensifier; this being due to ear helix resonance, outer hearing passage, ear- drum membrane and ear ossicles geometry. The last intensifying mechanism is composed of the system of ciliary cells which is located in the Corty’s organ. The hearing organ is located within the specifically shaped temporal bone.The elements of hearing and balance organs, situated within this bone, are located in the outer, middle and inner ears. The anatomical structure of the ear has been examined in terms of its function as sound intensifier. The aim of this work is to have a closer lokk into issues connected with sound reception by the vertebrates during their transition from life in water to life on the ground.

40 individuals of the wild duck and its domesticated species were examined in all. The main purpose of this work was to analyze weight and linear parameters of heart. The results were statistically worked out by using the two-factor variance analysis from the cross classification where more than one observation in each sub-class was made. The dependence between features was defined by taking into consideration simple correlation coefficients with the significance level α=0,05. The relative heart weight was also calculated. It was proved that the wild duck’s heart, being smaller and lighter in its absolute weight, is relatively larger than that of the domestic duck, which may be evidence of a higher physiological efficiency.

Primary preeclampsia is appearing during pregnancy only at Primates. Model of secondary preeclampsia, which the cause is the earlier nephrotic syndrome(NS), authors got at rats. The aim of the current study was the histological assessment of kidneys of mothers of the rat, burdened experimental preeclampsia after Adriamycin (ADR), after the finished the puerperium. Preparations stained with H+E, PAS and the Masson method were watched under the light microscope. Findings of examinations are pointing out on proteinuria and death of cells of the epithelium of ducts on the way of the apoptosis.

Amebiasis is one of the most significant parasite problems of captive snakes and lizards. This highly contagious disease is caused by a microscopic, one-celled organism (protozoan) Entamoeba invadens. Eating contaminated food and water containing the infective stage of this parasite easily infects snakes. The organisms cause extensive damage to the intestinal lining and liver. Signs of amebiasis include listlessness, inappetence, and foul-smelling feces containing mucus and blood. The disease may spread rapidly through a group of snakes, and mortality may reach 100%. Some specific mechanisms of cytotoxicity and invasion have been investigated. E. invadens have thiol dependent protease activity that may be involved in cytotoxicity. Temperature has a significant effect on amoebiasis infections in snakes. The infection will die out at high temperatures, and the organism will lose its pathogenicity at a low temperature of 13 °C.

The aim of the observations was to assess the influence of specific bacteriophages on the properties of sperm of boars infected by the blue pus bacterium. The study covered 15 boar reproducers: 5 of them had experimentally been infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas the remaining 10 were males exploited at the Pigs Insemination Station in whose preputial sac or sperm the microorganism concerned had been discovered. The therapy was pursued for three weeks. Before and after the treatment, sexual responses, sperm (quantity, concentration of spermatozoa, percentage of sperm cells having correct movement, their morphology and survival rate), peripheral blood and the capacity of blood cells to produce cytokines were examined. No essential differences between the studied sexual responses before and after the therapy were found. In the sperm properties, the only statistically significant differences were recorded for sperm cells survivability in the BTS dilutor, which increased after the treatment by 230–242%. After the therapy with bacteriophages a decline was found in the level of IL-10 in blood serum and supernatants of cell cultures stimulated with LPS and ones unstimulated. The results obtained (improvement of the survivability of spermatozoa) wholly justify the need to employ the bacteriophage therapy in the treatment of reproductive boars infected by the blue pus bacterium.

In high-productive dairy herds oestrus returning and silent heat is a frequent problem. In one of herds with the problem with oestrus detection the animals was divided on three groups. In the first group during insemination the LH-RH (50 μg lecirelin-Supergestran ®) was administrated. In the second group for oestrus synchronisation two injections of cloprostenol (Oestrophan®) with the interval of 11 days was used and the cows was inseminated in 78-82 h after second injection. In third, control group any drugs was administrated for oestrus synchronisation. The percentage of pregnant cows noted 8 week after insemination amounted 50%, 66,6% and 43% respectively. Obtained results suggest that in herds with oestrus detection problem insemination after twice injections of prostaglandin could give a positive effects.

A total of 19 tongues collected from rabbits being in day 1, 15 and 30 and the 6^th month of postnatal life were used in the study. As a result of observations under a light microscope changes were examined in the mucosa on the dorsum of the apex and on the dorsum of the body of the tongue, where fungiform papillae are located. The epithelium covering fungiform papillae at day 1 of postnatal life is a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, whereas starting from day 15 of postnatal life it was found that the epithelium is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Also starting from day 15 of postnatal life, in the area of the connective tissue core of some fungiform papillae solitary lymphatic nodules were observed. At day 1 of postnatal life elastic fibers are well-marked and are arranged primarily in the transverse direction in relation to the longitudinal axis of the tongue. Their concentration increases medially and caudally on the dorsum of the apex and on the dorsum of the body of the tongue in front of the forming torus of the tongue. In the area of the torus of the tongue the concentration of elastic fibers decreases in the caudal direction. Such a distribution of elastic fibers was also observed in successive investigated periods in the life of the rabbit.

Milk samples of 65 cows of Red-and-White breed from the mountain farm (altitude 650 m) were fractionated as from the morning and evening milking for analysis. Bacteria and somatic cells counts as well as fat content, protein content and urea level differed significantly. Higher values for bacteria count (+ 56,1 thousands CFUs), SCC (+ 76 thousands), fat (+ 0,10%), protein (+ 0,11%) and urea (+ 21,6 mg/l) were stated in the milk from the evening milking. Milk urea content was positively related to fat content (r = + 0,141). Urea content as well as fat and protein contents increased in consecutive stages of lactation what was confirmed with significant correlations (consequently: r = + 0,284; + 0,183; + 0,421). It was confirmed that conversion SCC into somatic cells count score (SCCS) was favourable since coefficient of variation of this index was more resembling normal distribution (v% = 55) while SCC itself characterised with very high variability (v% = 176). Evaluation of the average level of SCC in the entire herd was in agreement with the real quality of milk produced (average: SCCS = 3,95 +/- 2,16, what is the equivalent to ca 200 thousands of somatic cells).

Records of 208 cats determined to have endometritis – pyometra complex (EPC) were studied. It was noted that more often old females (5 years and more) suffered, mean age was 5, 5 years. In young animals (≤2 years) the predisposing factor was previous hormonal contraception. The most common clinical symptom in affected cats was pathological vaginal discharege, which was noted in 180 cases (86, 54%). General symptoms (eg. depression, partial to complete anorexia, polydipsia, vomiting, pyrexia) apeared in 47 cats (22, 59%). It was noted relatively rare incidence of EPC in autum – winter months (from october to december) –this finding shows for dependence between EPC incidence and sexual activity of female cats.

the experiments were carried out on 27 female rats of the Bufflo line. The research aimed at determining the influence of estrogen, progesterone and oxytocine on the spontaneous contraction in vitro. It was exhibited that: 1) The isolated strips of the rats’ uterus incubated in an automatic bath reveals spontaneous cyclic contractility for about 8-12 hours. 2) The application of oxytocine to the incubation chamber causes an increase in frequency (about 44.85 ± 13.42%) and in strength (about 39.5 ± 18.33%) of the spontaneous contraction activity of the uterus. 3) Earlier treating the rats with estrogen causes an increase in strength and a fall in frequency of the spontaneous contraction activity of the uterine muscles in rats as well as it increases the response to the stimulation with oxytocine. 4) Earlier treating the rats with progesterone causes an increase in strength and a fall in frequency of the spontaneous contraction activity of the uterine muscle in rats as well as it decreases the response to the stimulation with oxytocine.