The present research work allowed us to define mutual linear and weight proportions of the heart of African ostrich (Strithio camelus) and to show the existing sexual dimorphism. The research was conducted on 19 hearts ( 9 males and 10 females). After preparations, the hearts were weighed exact to a 0,01 g and then linear measurements were done. The results were compiled statistically. The relative weight of male and female hearts was calculated. The results were shown using graphs and tables, whereas morphology of the recorded hearts was shown on photograms. Taking into account the results, it can be noticed that differences of linear and weight parameters of the studied hearts may depend on sex, weight or habitat. It was found that the weight of the left ventricle may be 3 or even 4 times bigger than the weight of the right ventricle. There is a high correlation between the weight of both ventricles and the weight of the left ventricle, height and the weight of the left ventricle and heart circumference and its width. Sexual dimorphism between the examined specimen was found. It was determined that width of the ostrich heart is a parameter feature and has a big influence on sex identification.

The influence of infection of Trichinella pseudospiralis on the eosinophiles, plasma cells, mast cells, lymphocytes T CD4, lymphocytes B and macrophages in the jejunum were studied. The mice divided into two group: control and experimental. The mice of other group were infected per os with 200 Trichinella pseudospiralis. The mice were killed between the 7 – 175 th d.p.i., after which histological preparations were made from the jejunum. The examinations were made using immunofluorescent and immunoenzymatic methods with monoclonal antibody. Suppression of CD4 lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages was observed in the jejunum of mice infected Trichinella pseudospiralis than in the control mice. During the examinations in experimental group of animals was observed high level of eosinophiles and mast cells.

The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of environment on metals concentration: lead, cadmium, copper and zinc, in tissues of roes from Zgorzelec- Bogatynia region. The study was made in 2003-2004. Liver, kidneys, muscles, lungs and hair samples were taken and mineralized dry a muffle furnace at 450⁰ C. metals were determined directly in mineralizate by the ICP-AES method on the Varian spectrophotometer. Results of the studies show on significant contamination of lead compounds in Bogatynia region. Confirmation of these are higher levels of analyzed metal in tissues of roes coming from this region. Higher levels of copper in muscular tissue as well as zinc in kidneys and lungs animals coming from region of Piaseczno, show on existence of local, not controlled sources of this metal emission. For that reason it is necessary to control the content of metals in hunting animals tissues not only in industrial regions, but also considered as ecologically safe.

In review paper, the latest scientific points of view on the role of protozoa in rumen ecosystem, reasons for total or partial rumen defaunation, as well as nutritional practices aim to defaunation were discussed. The high number of protozoa in rumen (>1×10⁶/ml) decrease the efficiency of energy and protein utilization in rumen ecosystem. Total defaunation of rumen increase significantly bacterial supply to duodenum, as well as raise propionic acid concentration in rumen and simultaneously decrease share of butyric acid in the total of VFA. The defaunation involve decreasing of ammonia level and methane production. However, the defaunation decrease significantly digestibility of cell walls (NDF and ADF) and have negative influence on starch metabolism in the rumen. Partial dafaunation process could be obtained by increasing of concentrate level in ration, as well as by supplement of plant oils or brewers’ yeasts. Intensification of nutrition cause decreasing of protozoa number in rumen to the level 2-4×10⁵/ml.

Review of international and Polish literature concerning the application of nutrient yeasts and products of yeast origin in feeding of monogastric animals and ruminants with the consideration of chemical composition and nutritive value, is discussed in the present paper. Basing on the results of own studies, nutrition properties of yeasts enriched with selenium, chromium and zinc with the consideration of their bioavailability to livestock (poultry, swine) are presented. The authors also elaborated a method of waste-less enrichment of yeasts with iron, manganese and copper with the use of the culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae and whey. Currently, there is conducted a research on their application in livestock nutrition.

Investigations were conducted on 11 tongues of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) of both sexes. Tissues collected from the ventral surface of the apex and the lateral surfaces of the body of the tongue were examined under a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Additionally morphometric analysis of the thickness of the epithelium was performed. As a result of the performed observations it was found that the epithelium covering the ventral surface of the apex and the lateral surfaces of the body of the tongue in the raccoon dog is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The epithelium formed numerous streaks of various length, which grew into the connective tissue. Lamina propria of the mucosa in the examined areas formed numerous connective tissue papillae, which were distributed among the epithelial streaks. SEM observations of the connective tissue core showed that connective tissue papillae surrounded depressions formed as a result of epithelial streaks growing into the connective tissue. The epithelium covering the ventral surface of the apex of the tongue was thicker than on the lateral surfaces of the body of the tongue. No statistical differences were found for the analyzed traits. Key words: raccon dog, tongue, mucous membrane

The aim of this paper was to present the newest methods of laparoscopic nefrectomy. Dynamic research and development in the field of endoscopy inclines veterinary surgeons to much frequent use of these novel methods. The real breakthrough in laparoscopy was transperitoneal nephrectomy performed for the first time in 1991 by Clayman et al. Basically, there are no major differences between classic open method and laparoscopy except few modifications. Urether and renal hilus preparation is performed with foreceps, scissors, suction-irrigation probe and bipolar coagulation forceps. Haemostasis in laparoscopy is achieved by use of suture, titan clips or staplers. In extraperitoneal laparoscopic surgery working space is created by balloon inserted between muscles and peritoneum and subsequently filled with saline. In laparoscopic nephrectomy the kidney is extracted in organ removal bag. The specimen to be removed needs a morcellation –mechanical, manual or minilaparotomy. Laparoscopy is a surgical technique allowing shorter hospitalization and rehabilitation period, lower analgetic doses which makes it an interesting alternative to classic open method.

Probiotics have important role as barrier against the development of pathogenic bacteria and in treatment of bacterial infection of gut system of animals and human. Lactic acid bacteria are the most common microbes used in probiotics. Antibacterial activity is an important characteristic of probiotics. The mechanisms by which lactic acid bacteria exert their effects are multiple. Lactic acid bacteria produce a variety of antagonistic factors that include metabolic end products, antibiotic-like substances and bactericidal proteins, termed bacteriocins. The aim of this study were to compare the antimicrobial activity of different probiotics against bacterial strains Salmonella Enteritidis and enteropathogenic E. coli isolated from poultry.

Present article describes the most important methods serving to know how the central nervous system and it’s structures works and also ways to establish the diagnosis of eventually pathological changes in it. Aditionally this is a review of medical researches into the causes of cerebral cortex beginning from brain teasing by electricity (Fritsch method) ending on the most modern nowadays examinations as Pozitron Emission Tomography, because thanks to it there is a possibility to obtain the three – dimensional picture of the part of the patient’s body. The authors are actually working on the practical application of the EEG method with animals, so they took the liberty of expose their experiments.