This article describes both ethiology and clinical signs of inherited diseases in people and animals which are related to insufficient biosynthesis of adrenocortical steroids. In human medicine the most often diagnosed disease of such kind is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-steroid hydroxylase deficiency but also due to impaired activity or deficiency of further enzymes involved in corticosteroidogenesis. Inherited disorders of steroid biosynthesis similar to human diseases are also present in domestic animals.

The purpose of a study was to evaluate the quality of sopocka loin, treated superficially with the solutions of bacteriostatic agents, potassium sorbate (PS), sodium lactate (SL) or lactic acid (LA), vacuum packed and stored at near cryoscopic temperature (n.c.t.) for 14, 28 and 42 days. The quality of the loins was evaluated on the basis of free nitrate (III) and free amino group concentrations, tenderness, sensory value, color stability and microbiological parameters. Compared to the controls, the free amino group concentrations were lower in PS-, SL- and LA-treated products, which were also less tender. The preservative effect of the temperature employed (-3 ºC) was however so prominent, that after 42 days of storage the stability of color, sensory value and microbiological counts in the loins studied seemed to be unaffected by the bacteriostatic agents used.

We made a review of research realized in Eurasia, which were aimed to define genetic characteristics of Lepus sp. These research were done in aim to define hares genome, their genetic diversity, genetic structure, level of blood relationship and also to estimate their phylogenetic relationship. Moreover in some research authors discuss about probable reasons of decreasing number of hares i Europe.

The use of fish – mineral concentrate (F-MC) in amount of 0% (group I – controI), 4% (group II) and 8% (group III) in mixture for fattening pigs (from 20 to 120 kg of body weight) was determined. There were statistically significant increase of dry matter and ash concentration in faeces of fattening pigs from experimental groups. The use of concentrate (F-MC) had decreasing effect on the raw protein and fibre content in excreted faeces comparing with contral group. Moreover, the concentrations of Ca and Mg were statistically significant higher and the concentrations of Cu and Zn were lower than in group I. Summarizing, it was found that F-MC concentrate had positive influence on the use of some nutrients and mineral components by fattening pigs.

Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism may upset function of circulation system. The aim of study was to determine the connection with congestive heart failure suffering from mitral endocardiosis and subclinical hypothyroidism. The research material included 27 dogs, patients of the Clinic of Horses, Dogs and Cats Diseases at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Agriculthural University of Wrocław. The control group included 13 healthy dogs, the clinical group included 14 dogs suffering from mitral endocardiosis and heart failury. The dogs was examined: interview, clinic examination, cardiological examination (echocardiographic and electrocardiographic examination,), blood examination (blood cell count, urea, creatinine, protein, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, triglycerides, cholesterol, T₃, T₄, FT₄, TSH). The activity T₃ was statistically significant lowest, concentration of cholesterol was statistically significant lowest and higher R amplitude in klinical dogs group. Conclusion: in dogs suffering from mitral endocardiosis and heart failury did not diagnose subclinical hypothyroidism.

Besides a direct threat to consumer health, the microbiological contamination of minced meat results in significant decrease of its shelf life. Despite of initial microbial contamination, the stability of meat product is related to the conditions of storage including vacuum-packaging. The purpose of a study was to assess the shelf life of locally-manufactured and vacuum-packaged meat stored under refrigeration. Ninety samples of class IIa and IIb minced pork, manufactured by one of the Lower Silesian plants, were subjected to experiment. The material was stored at 4±1 ºC for 12 consecutive days. Its microbiological parameters as well as water activity, pH value and internal temperature were determined before storage (day 0) and on experimental days 3, 5, 7, 10 and 12. The shelf life of minced meat analyzed was established for 7 days on the basis of microbiological tests performed. The law-assented limit of total plate count was exceeded after that period. Nevertheless, the shelf life of product studied was at least 2 days prolonged compared to literature data on the durability of mince meat stored under aerobic conditions.

The purpose of a study was to assess the safety of commercially available chocolate products in context of heavy metal contents and the degree of microbiological contamination. Two-hundred and ten samples of three groups: 1) natural chocolates, 2) confectionary products and half-products (with the exclusion of natural chocolate), and 3) confectionary products and half-products (with the exclusion of natural chocolate) containing more than 20% of nuts, were subjected to a study. The contents of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic as well as total plate count were determined in the material studied. Moreover, the tests for Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive staphylococci and yeasts and moulds were performed. The contents of lead in samples tested corresponded to 1% to 33% of admissible limit, whereas the concentrations of cadmium determined amounted to 10-94% of acceptable value. The contents of arsenic and mercury in material analyzed did not exceed 5% and 40%, respectively. Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive staphylococci and yeasts and moulds were not demonstrated in any of the samples tested. Aerobic bacteria were determined in 3 samples of group 2 only. Total plate counts in the aforementioned samples amounted to 5 x10, 6 x 10 and 2 x 10 CFU x g^-1, respectively. Concluding, both heavy metal contents and the microbiological contamination of chocolate product evaluated were in accordance with law-required hygienic standards.

The main sources of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in human diet can be milk fat and meat of the ruminants. The term of CLA defines group positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (C 18:2), in witch the double bounds are conjugated. Increasing interesting of CLA result from theirs propriety: inhibition (in vitro and in vivo) of cancers cells development (cis-9, trans-11 CLA), retardation of arteriosclerosis development, diabetes mellitus t.2, reduction of fatty tissue (trans-10, cis-12 CLA), improvement of bones mineralisation, immunomodulating effect and bacteriostatic and antyoxydative effect. In rumen, polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic), which are provided with the fodder, devolved biohydrogenation process by Butyrivibrio fibrosolvents bacterium and others, to stearic acid. In these transformations cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer and vaccenic acid (VA, trans-11 C18:1) posed the intermediate products. However, 64-78% of cis-9, trans-11 CLA present in milk fat is synthesized in mammary gland from VA by Δ⁹-desaturase (stearoyl-CoA desaturase). The average content of CLA in milk of cows is 4,5-5,5 mg/g of fat. The cis-9, trans-11 isomer pose about 75-90 % (to 95%) of total CLA in milk fat. Content of CLA in milk is determined in the highest extend by nutritional factors, however, there are some others factors as race, age or lactation stadium. There was a growth of CLA in milk fat after use of oils or bruised grains, (in this the extruded) and calcium salts of these oils in cows feeding. The clear modification of quantity and composition of fatty acids in milk fat is observed also after use of fish oil. Fish oil caused the increase of protozoan number in rumen, and supplied EPA and DHA inhibit the reduction of trans-C18:1 to 18:0 during biohydrogenation of PUFA, what leads to the trans-C18:1 accumulation. In the rumen contents and milk the concentration of trans-11 C 18:1 is also grow up. It caused the endogenic synthesis of cis-11, trans-12 CLA growth in mammary gland as an effect of this. The fish oil supplementation of cows diet caused growth of cis-11, trans-12 CLA and VA in milk fat as much as over 200 to 400%. The most effective method is using of fish oil and oils with large content of linoleic acid at the same time. Simultaneously growth of fatty acids of n-3 type (EPA and DHA) was observed. Butter and cheese obtained from milk, which contain higher quantities of CLA and PUFA are very soft, but the gustatory values not differ than commercial products. Undeniable trumps of these products is higher participation of CLA, in this cis-9, trans-11 CLA and n-3 acids, with lower participation of saturated acids.

Nervous symptoms have been frequently associated with parasitic infections in animals and peoples. The protozoas, cestodes, nematodes sporadically or with some frequency migrate through and inhibit the central nervous system (cns). Parasites may be located in the meningeal spaces or may penetrate into the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. The pathological changes are influenced by the route of entry, and the size and mobility of the parasite. These changes fall into three categories hemorrhagic, degenerative, and proliferative. Apart from the purely mechanical damage that parasites may cause; there has been considerable speculation as to whether they may facilitate the entry of virus, bacterial and fungal infections.

The aim of the study was to examine the influence of water soluble vitamins such as: thiamin, ribolflavin, pyridoxine, vitamin C, folic acid, panthoten acid, nicotine acid, biotin and cholin on absorption of amino acids from entrails in chickens and explanation of this process. Tests were done on 160 alive broiler chicken, breed Hybro G (age 2-4 months). The absorption of amino acids was determined by the method of perfused loops of small intestine. Saline including amino acids such as: L-threonine, L-valine, L-methionine, L-lysine, L-histidine, L-phenylalanine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine and water soluble vitamins in dose 100mg/l was passed through the loops. Ouabain-blocker of Na⁺K⁺ATP-ase was added to perfusion fluid in the order to block active transport in intestine. Next, level of amino acids was measured by the method of liquid chromatography. The experiment demonstrated, that water soluble vitamins undoubtedly influenced exogenous amino acid absorption from entrails in chickens. Amino acid absorption in the presence of vitamins increased and the proof of their stimulating effect is the fact, that after administration of ouabain in the presence of vitamins, they caused the inhibition of blocked effect of active transport. Absorption of amino acids after application of ouabain was lower as compared to presence of ouabain and vitamins.

A two year study was performed at the experimental farm located in SE Poland. We have conducted an experiment on females from the scanbrown morph. During the first year of our study we created two groups: K i D .The minks were fed a well balanced high energy feed with a witamin-mineral premix GuyoFox additive. Till November it was supplemented with an antioxidant Rendox and preservative (sodium pyrosulphite) in group D. During the second year, after first insemination in particular day they were successively randomly selected into two experimental groups, 30 ind. each. We fed animals with lower energy feed htan in the previous year. Group K1 was the control group. Animals from the ( D1 ), experimental group were fed with a smaller rate of feed during period from 15.IV. to 10.V. Several breed parameters like the length of pregnancy period, percentage of fertilised and sterile females, mean number of puppies in single breed, percentage loos of puppies to 7^th day, between 7^th and 14^th day, and number of puppies weaned from statistical dam, mass of breed and puppies in 2^nd,7^th,14^th and 21^st day were analysed. Limited feeding of minks in prebreeding period contributed positively on behaviour and breeding parameters of females from grup D1. Maintaining a high sanitary standard of feeding contributed to lower the looses of youngs.

The Polish pony is world rare breed of horses kept in natural conditions originated from tarpans, living in the wild. Presented investigations are the attempt of qualification of morphological and biochemical blood serum components of healthy polish ponies and biłgoraj horses kept in half-savage conditions. It seems to be extremly important because of progressive degradation of their natural environment. Primitive horses races breeding becomes popular and a lot of breeders are interested in it because of their wide adaptative possibilities. Delivering the informations from physiology field and about reference values of blood serum parameters (which make the base of healthfulness graduation) belongs to the most significant for the success in preservative breeding process of this in scale of world unique horses' race.

Lactation in sheep is a high-risk period associated with hepatic metabolic disturbances and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate oxidative status in health and having prolapsed vagina sheep during lactation, using plasma malondialdehyd and ubiquinone Q10 concentrations. The next goal was to determine hepatic functional parameters during intensive hepatic metabolism in lactating sheep. The experiments were performed on sheep, divided into two major groups: I-control-health animals and II-experimental with diagnosed prolapsed vagina Within these groups, sheep with single lamb and twins were separated. Plasma Q10 level and the profile and quantity of bile salts was analysed with HPLC method. Plasma concentration of MDA was measured by spectrophotometric method. The total glucose plasma level was determined in duplicate by the enzymatic method using a diagnostic KIT. Highest plasma concentration of MDA (2,56±0,66 nM/ml) in sheep with PV having twins was observed. In comparison to health animals, postpartum disturbances in sheep with one lamb resulted in marked (p≤0,05) decrease of Q10 concentration. In such condition plasma Q10 averaged 631,01±154,6 ng/ml; 719,47±34,78 ng/ml; 644,72±53,36ng/ml in first, second and third blood collecting period respectively. Opposite results were observed in group of sheep having twins. In 17-th day after parturition in all groups of animals plasma glucose level significantly decreased and reached minimum value (2,08±0,32mM/l) in HT sheep. The level of bile acids averaged 107,94±22,06 μM/l in HT group and 141,79±16,52μM/l in PVT group. Our data obtained in the present study suggest that disturbances occurring in lac-tating sheep directly influenced on hepatic activity and imbalanced oxidative status as well.