In the article the question of the formation of customary law norms was presented, which was determined over the centuries, from ancient times up to the Middle Ages in Europe. These norms were establishing rules for the determination of land boundaries, the mode of ownership transfer function, and identified persons who are entitled to certain rights to separated area of ground. They also led to the creation of the first mortgage registers, which are prototype of today’s real estate cadastres and real-state registers. From the very beginning of establishing the institution of law, the official records of the property created, were ensured certainty in legal trading and public needs, associated in particular with the land tax collecting. The creation of real-state registers institutions resulted in a situation where certain part of ground, properly marked and disclosed in the mortgage registers, took on the characteristics typical for material things, by what it has become a commodity that could be the subject of sale or provision of cash receivables, which consequently led to the development of mortgage institution in antique law, which was taken over, with some modifications, to the Roman law and then to the codification of other medieval European states.

The paper discusses two evolutionary strategies (μ+)λ and (μ,)λ used for solving complicated problem s of numerical optimization. The strategies discussed in the paper, inspired by biological evolution and genetics, operate in populations of the sizes μand λof potential solutions with a deterministic selection procedure. The correctness of the operation of the strategy as a search for a global minimum of a criterion function is exemplified by the minimization of an Ackley function and the estimation of parameters of a regression function of the second kind.

Spatial statistics allows to assess geographic distribution of phenomena – its concentration, magnitude and orientation of dispersion as well regularity or trends in occurrence within a space. The paper presents adaptation of point-based methods to measure spatial distribution of areal phenomena that concern agriculture: area of agricultural land, area of fertile agricultural land and soil pH. The source data in a form of chorochromatic maps (e.g. a vector soil map) are processed to 1 x 1 km grid data with use of the algorithm created in Model Builder. The research area – Lower Silesia – characterizes various environmental conditions that results in changeability of agricultural land productivity. Spatial statistics performed for a whole region would bring only global information on spatial distribution. Hence the Authors propose to conduct analysis within subareas that depict local changeability of studied phenomena. As the research is conducted in agricultural context, the subareas of similar agricultural land areas are created regarding the administrative units. Spatial distribution is described by: mean centre, standard distance and standard deviational ellipse. All three measures are weighted by a variable (i.e. the intensity of the phenomenon) as spatial distribution is not only about location, but the value of the phenomenon in particular location is important. Measures of spatial distribution drawn on a map yields clear and usually easy to interpret information on spatial character of a phenomenon. In some cases it may be useful to present these qualitative characteristics complemented with another type of cartographic visualization (e.g. a choropleth map. This paper presents maps about the application of spatial distribution measures into assessment of agricultural land productivity in the research.