Resistance in plants may be divided into local and systemic. The systemic resistance can be in two types: systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR). Effects of both these types of resistance are similar – it is expression of pathogenesis-related proteins (of PR proteins). The differences between SAR and ISR are connected mainly with mechanisms of their acquisition, to which more and more attention has been paid recently. In the article selected some aspects of mechanisms of SAR acquisition are discussed in which the following factors take part: salicylic-acid-binding protein, phosphorylation chain in the cytoplasmatic membrane, activation of calcium channels in the cytoplasmatic membrane, activation of G proteins, oxygen burst.

In this paper we examined four strains of filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger 551, Aspergillus cervinus 219, Rhizopus nigricans 500 and Trichoderma reesei M7-1 for their ability to biosynthesis phytases, phosphatases and accompanying celulase and xylanase enzymes in solid state fermentation. As a carbon source beet pulp, wheat brain and milled bean were used. The time of the culture was 14 days and constant humidity was kept on the 63% level. All tested strains were able to synthesize dephosphorylating enzymes, celulase and xylanase depending on the strain, carbon source and incubation time. The most effective producer of phytase as well as phosphatase was A. niger 551. The medium with beet pulp was the best to produce these enzymes, the highest activity were for phytase 15,20 U g^-1 (A. niger 551 – 3 day) and for phosphatase39,35 U g^-1 (T. reesei M7-1 – 12 day) in these conditions. Wheat brain was the most effective carbon source for xylanase and celulase production. The highest biosynthesis of xylanase and celulase was observed for R. nigricans 500 strain, 279,5 U g^-1 (3 day) and T. reesei M7-1, 12,9 U g^-1 (5 day).

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of different concentrations of diacetoxiscirpenol (DAS) and ochratoxin A (OTA) on physiological status of 4 brewing yeast strains during wort fermentation. DAS toxin was used at concentration of 5 i 15 μg∙cm^-3 and OTA of 15 μg∙cm^-3. The viability, biomass growth and acidification power of yeasts were enhanced. It was stated that ochratoxin A had no influence on viability and vitality of tested yeast strains. DAS caused, according to the concentration applied, the inhibition of biomass growth and had unfavourably influnece on acidification power of yeasts. The most sensitive to DAS toxin was strain of S.ca. 13.